Article 21: the constitutional protection of life and personal liberty
Article 21 says no person may be deprived of life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law; court interpretation has developed over time.
Article 21 protects life and personal liberty: no person may be deprived of either except according to procedure established by law.
The core text
Article 21 appears in Part III of the Constitution, which covers Fundamental Rights. Its wording applies to every person, not only citizens.
The short text is easy to memorise, but it is not a complete list of every protected interest. Much of its practical scope has developed through judicial interpretation.
Why it matters in civics
Courts have interpreted Article 21 in contexts involving dignity, fair procedure and personal liberty. The outcome depends on facts, statutes and relevant judgments.
For general knowledge, connect Article 21 with Part III and distinguish it from Article 21A, which concerns free and compulsory education for children aged six to fourteen.
Revision check
Remember life and personal liberty, plus the qualification about procedure established by law. Do not confuse Article 21 with Article 32, which concerns enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
This is an educational summary, not legal advice. For a case-specific question, read the judgment and current legal text.
Editorial disclosure
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Frequently asked questions
Which part contains Article 21?
Part III, the section on Fundamental Rights.
Is Article 21 the same as Article 21A?
No. Article 21A concerns free and compulsory education for children aged six to fourteen.