Water cycle basics: evaporation, condensation and precipitation
The water cycle describes how water moves through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration and runoff between Earth’s surface and atmosphere.
Solar energy drives evaporation from water and wet surfaces, while plants release water vapour through transpiration. As moist air cools, condensation forms cloud droplets or ice crystals; precipitation returns water to the surface.
What the evidence says
Some water infiltrates soil and recharges groundwater, some runs into streams and rivers, and some is stored as snow or ice. The relative importance of each pathway changes with climate and terrain.
Exam note
For exam revision, retain the key definition and consult the linked primary source when a current rule or technical detail matters.
Editorial note
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Frequently asked questions
What process turns water vapour into liquid droplets in clouds?
Condensation.